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考点十 动词的语态

一、语态的概念

语态是指特殊的动词形式，用以表示动作的主语和宾语之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态（Active Voice）中主语是动作的执行者，被动语态(Passive Voice中主语是动作的承受者。

主动语态：Many people speak English.

被动语态：English is spoken by many people.

二、被动语态的用法

1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。 The house was built in 1950.

2. 需要强调动作的承受者。如果同时将动作的发出者表达出来，可以在发出者前面加上by。

He was awarded first prize in that contest.

He was brought up by his grandmother.

2. 为了使语气婉转，避免提到是谁做的这件事。

Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

三、被动语态的构成形式

1）一般现在时am/is/are +done

2）现在进行时 am/is /are being done

3）现在完成时has /have been done

4）一般过去时was/were done

5）过去进行时was/were being done

6）过去完成时had been done

7）一般将来时 will/shall be done

四、主动形式表示被动意义的情况

1.表示事物自然属性时，用实义动词（主动形式）+副词（有时不加），表示被动意义。如：The pen writes well. 这支笔很好写。

The magazine sells well. 这本杂志很好卖。

2.实义动词need, want, require, deserve, demand后接doing形式，可表示to be done的含义，如：

The house needs repairing. = The house needs to be repaired.

3.某些连系动词使用主动语态而表示被动的含义，如：

Einstein's theory proved to be correct.

Good medicine tastes bitter.

4.blame和let的不定式作表语时，可用主动语态表示被动意义

He was to blame for their deaths. 他要为他们的死负责。

The house is to let. 此房出租。

5.动词不定式的主动表被动：

①当不定式与它修饰的词之间为动宾关系，并且与句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系时，用主动形式表被动含义，如：

We have many problems to solve.

② sb/sth + be + adj. + 不定式结构中，若句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，可用不定式的主动表示被动意义，如：

Some problems are not easy to solve.

6.在too…to…及enough to...结构中有时表示被动意义。

The problem is too difficult to solve.

五、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。如：

It is said that… 据说

It is reported that…据报道

It is believed that…大家相信

It is hoped that…大家希望

It is well known that…众所周知

It is thought that…大家认为

It is suggested that…据建议　

It is taken granted that… 被视为当然　

It has been decided that… 大家决定

It must be remember that…务必记住的是

六、省略to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态

make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watch/make sb do sth →sb + be +made +to do sth

【口诀】感使动词真叫怪，to来to去记心怀，主动语态to离去，被动语态to回来。

The boss made the workers work all day.

The workers were made to work all day by the boss.

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